1768 Frans van Madagascar
This dispute took place at Elsenburg, the large wine farm owned by Marten Melk, one of the richest burghers in the colony.1 Melk employed his slave Willem as a mandoor,2 a slave who was placed in charge of the other slaves and had the authority to punish them. Willem beat Frans when he found him drunk and ordered him back to work. Frans later took his revenge by killing Willem with a kirrijkirrijThis is the Cape Khoi word for the walking stick traditional Khoikhoi carried with them and used as weapons. In the course of the eighteenth century, the word was adopted by Dutch-speaking colonists to refer to a walking stick, also where it was used as an instrument of punishment. blow. Frans then ran away, but was caught several days later in the Swellendam district.
The case is interesting for the details it gives of the slave living quarters on Melk’s farm, with separate sections for the male and female slaves.3 Willem, in the privileged position of mandoor, slept in the women’s quarters.
Footnotes
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Marten Melk was extremely active as an entrepreneur and businessman from the late 1740s onwards and amassed a fortune by the time of his death in 1781, not least because he dominated the lucrative wine trade for more than 20 years. He came into possession of the farm Elsenburg, close to Stellenbosch, by marrying the widow Anna Hop in 1752, thereby greatly improving his fortune. On his life and activities, see Cockrell 2001. ↩
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Mandoors were used in the Company Slave Lodge. Shell (1994: 180-85) suggests they were mulattos who had been raised in the Lodge. There is no toponym given for Willem, which may suggest that he was a locally-born slave who would have been well known to Melk and trusted by him. Mandoors were rarely used by the free burghers, and usually only on the largest farms, such as Elsenburg, or on cattle posts or smaller farms away from the owner’s main residence. They were usually given special privileges, see Ross 1983: 29-30 and Worden 1985: 88-9, 107-8. ↩
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While during the 1760s arable farmers in the Stellenbosch district possessed on average fewer than ten male slaves (Worden 1985: 29), Melk was in the exceptional position of owning between 110 and 120 during this period (Cockrell 2001: 105). Such a large number of slaves not only meant that he could afford to have specialist slaves, like the mandoor (and also cooks, artisans, wagonmakers, etc.), but also that special housing was needed for them. Contemporary visitors to Elsenburg called it a ‘little village’ as it contained numerous workstores, warehouses, cellars, corrals and other out-buildings. In addition, there were two slave houses and a slave school (Fagan 1984: 35-37). ↩
CJ 394 Criminele Process Stukken, 1768, ff. 516-17v.
There appears before us, the undersigned delegates from the honourable Council of Justice of this government, the slave Frans van Madagascar, belonging to the former heemraadheemraadThe origin of this word is uncertain, but is connected to the Dutch words heem (‘homestead’) and raad (‘councillor’). This was the title of a free burgher who served on the Collegie van Heemraden in the rural districts of the Cape, usually for a term of two years., Monsieur Marten Melk, 23 years old at a guess, who, on the requisition of the landdrost of Stellenbosch and Drakenstein, Meester Jacobus Johannes le Suëur, confesses it to be true:
That fully two months ago now, on a certain morning after 8 o’clock, the confessant, working on his owner’s farm in the cellar as a cellar jongenjongenLiterally ‘boy.’ In Dutch it was common to use this word also to refer to male servants, irrespective of age. At the Cape, however, this usage was extended to slaves and then became exclusive, so that jongen (also in the deflected form jong) came to mean ‘male slave’, such that Afrikaans lost the use of the word to mean ‘boy’ and instead uses seun (from Dutch zoon) for both ‘boy’ and ‘son.’ In this primary meaning, the word has become obsolete in modern Afrikaans, except for the archaic terms tuinjong (‘garden boy’) and plaasjong (‘farm boy’), in the sense of male workers of colour., was given three glasses of wine to drink by his fellow slave, Willem, placed over him as mandoor, after which the confessant wanted to stop drinking, to which the aforesaid Willem, while giving him more wine, said: “Don’t worry, drink!”, so that the confessant drank even more and became drunk as a result, which is when he left the cellar and went into the bushes where he lay himself down to sleep.
That after lunch, the aforesaid Willem came to look for the confessant in the bushes, roused him and, while saying: “How drunk you are!”, beat him with a stick, after which the confessant went to the wine store, took his basket and went with it to the vineyard in order to cut grapes, which he also did.
That that very same evening, when the confessant was sitting in front of the women slaves’ house with the slave meijdenmeijdenLiterally ‘girl.’ This word developed among the same lines as jongen, the word coming to mean ‘female slave.’ However, its trajectory diverged from that of jongen in that it eventually was used more widely to refer to indigenous women, so that meid still survives in modern Afrikaans as a pejorative term for women of colour. As with jongen, the word was no longer available to refer to European girls, but instead of the difference between girl and daughter disappearing, the diminutive form, meijsje (Afrikaans, meisie), came to be used for ‘girl.’ named Silvia and Mars,1 the aforesaid Willem, without knowing why he did this, came and dealt the confessant, who was sitting there half asleep, a blow with the hand on his ears. Which is when the confessant got up and took a kirrijkirrijThis is the Cape Khoi word for the walking stick traditional Khoikhoi carried with them and used as weapons. In the course of the eighteenth century, the word was adopted by Dutch-speaking colonists to refer to a walking stick, also where it was used as an instrument of punishment., which was standing behind the door of the slave house, and gave the aforesaid Willem a blow with it to his head, without knowing where this jongenjongenLiterally ‘boy.’ In Dutch it was common to use this word also to refer to male servants, irrespective of age. At the Cape, however, this usage was extended to slaves and then became exclusive, so that jongen (also in the deflected form jong) came to mean ‘male slave’, such that Afrikaans lost the use of the word to mean ‘boy’ and instead uses seun (from Dutch zoon) for both ‘boy’ and ‘son.’ In this primary meaning, the word has become obsolete in modern Afrikaans, except for the archaic terms tuinjong (‘garden boy’) and plaasjong (‘farm boy’), in the sense of male workers of colour. was hit. The confessant, who was then still somewhat inebriated, did not then have any intention to beat this jongenjongenLiterally ‘boy.’ In Dutch it was common to use this word also to refer to male servants, irrespective of age. At the Cape, however, this usage was extended to slaves and then became exclusive, so that jongen (also in the deflected form jong) came to mean ‘male slave’, such that Afrikaans lost the use of the word to mean ‘boy’ and instead uses seun (from Dutch zoon) for both ‘boy’ and ‘son.’ In this primary meaning, the word has become obsolete in modern Afrikaans, except for the archaic terms tuinjong (‘garden boy’) and plaasjong (‘farm boy’), in the sense of male workers of colour. to death, and also did not, to his mind, give him such a heavy blow.
That when the confessant saw the aforesaid Willem falling down to the ground, he threw away his kirrijkirrijThis is the Cape Khoi word for the walking stick traditional Khoikhoi carried with them and used as weapons. In the course of the eighteenth century, the word was adopted by Dutch-speaking colonists to refer to a walking stick, also where it was used as an instrument of punishment. and ran away, staying that night somewhere in the bushes and, after crossing the mountains the following day, was taken prisoner, after having roamed around for five days, by some Hottentots and taken to the prison in Swellendam.
Thus confessed in the Castle of Good Hope on 10 June 1768 before the honourables Tobias Christiaan Rönnekamp and Jan Frederik Willem Böttiger, members of the honourable Council of Justice, aforementioned, who have properly signed the original of this, together with the confessant and me, the secretary.
Which I declare, [signed] C.L. Neethling, secretary.
Verification
There appears before us, the undersigned delegates from the honourable Council of Justice of this government, the aforementioned Frans van Madagascar, who, after this, his given confession, was read out word by word, clearly and plainly, declares to persist by it, not desiring that anything more should be added to or taken from it, declaring all of the above to be the truth.
Thus verified in the Castle of Good Hope on 11 June 1768.
This X is the hand mark of Frans.
As delegates, [signed] T.C. Rönnekamp, Johs. van Sittert.
In my presence, [signed] C.L. Neethling, secretary.
Footnotes
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Sic. In the sententie her name is spelt ‘Mars’, but in the other documentation ‘Martje’. Both Silvia and Martje were from Madagascar and so would have been able to talk with Frans in their own language, giving rise to the suspicion that that they were telling him about Willem’s whereabouts. In their own testimonies (CJ 394, ff. 523-24) they both denied that they were with Frans and said that they were sleeping in the women’s quarters. ↩
Compareerde voor ons, ondergeteekende gecommitteerdens uijt den edelagtbaare Raad van Justitie deeses gouvernements, den slaaf Frans van Madagascar, toebehoorende den oud heemraad, monsieur Marten Melk, oud naar gissing drie en twintig jaaren, denwelken, ter requisitie van den landdrost tot Stellenbosch en Drakensteijn, meester Jacobus Johannes le Suëur, confesseerde hoe waar is:
Dat den confessant, ter sijner lijfheers plaatse in den kelder als kelderjongen gewerkt hebbende, den, over hem als mandoor gestelden, meede slaaf Willem, hem confessant nu ruijm twee maanden voorleeden, op een seekeren morgen over agt uuren, drie glasen wijn te drinken gegeeven had, waarna den confessant met drinken hebbende willen uijtscheijden, voorseijde Willem hem confessant, onder het geeven van meerderen wijn, had toegevoegt: Toe, drink maar!, invoegen den confessant nog meer gedronken had, en daardoor dronken geraakt sijnde, sig vervolgens uijt den kelder weg en naar ’t bosch had begeeven, alwaar sig tot slaapen needergelegt had.
Dat voorseijde Willem naar ’t middageeten hem confessant in ’t bosch sijnde koomen soeken, den confessant wacker gemaakt en, onder ’t seggen: Wat ben gij dronken?, met een stok geslagen had, waarna den confessant sig naar ’t wijnpakhuijs had begeeven, sijn mandje gehaald, mitsgaders daarmeede gegaan was naar den wijngaard om druijven te snijden, ’tgeen hij confessant ook gedaan heeft.
Dat wanneer den confessant dien eijgensten avond, in den donkeren met de slaven meijden in naame Silvia en Mars1 voor ’t slavinnenhuijs had geseeten, voorseijde Willem, sonder te weeten waarom denselven sulx gedaan had, was gekomen en hem confessant, die als half slapende geseeten had, een slag met de hand om de ooren had toegebragt, sulx den confessant opstaande, een agter de deur van ’t slavenhuijs staanden kirrij gehaald, en voorseijde Willem daarmeede een slag aan ’t hoofd toegebragt had, sonder te weeten waar dien jongen daardoor geraakt heeft, hebbende hij confessant die toenmaals nog wat beschonken geweest was, geen voorneemen gehad om dien jongen dood te slaan, en hem, volgens sijne gedagten, ook soo een force slag niet had gegeeven.
Dat den confessant voorseijde Willem ter aarden hebbende sien vallen, sijn kirrij weggeworpen, en sig aan drossen begeeven had, sijnde dien nagt elders in de bosjes verbleeven; en ’s volgenden daags naar over ’t gebergte gegaan weesende, was den confessant, naar vijf dagen omswervens, door eenige Hottentotten gevangen genoomen en naar Swellendam in den tronk gebragt geworden.
Dat aldus is geconfesseerd in ’t Casteel de Goede Hoop, den 10e Junij 1768, voor d’ edele Tobias Christiaan Rönnekamp en Jan Frederik Willem Böttiger, leeden uijt den edelagtbaare Raad van Justitie, voormeld, die de minuten deeses, beneevens den confessant ende mij, secretaris, meede behoorlijk hebben gesubscribeert.
’Twelk ik getuijge, [get.] C.L. Neethling, secretaris.
Recollement
Compareerde voor ons, ondergeteekende gecommitteerdens uijt den edelagtbaare Raad van Justitie deeses gouvernements, voormeld, Frans van Madagascar, denwelken deese, sijne gegeevene confessie, van woorde tot woorde, klaar en duijdelijk, voorgeleesen sijnde, verklaarde daarbij te persisteeren, niet begeerende dat er iets meer bijgevoegt ofte van gedaan werden sal, betuijgend alle ’t voorenstaande de waarheijd te sijn.
Aldus gerecolleerd in ’t Casteel de Goede Hoop, den 11e Junij 1768.
Dit X is ’t handmerk van Frans.
Als gecommitteerdens, [get.] T.C. Rönnekamp, Johs. van Sittert.
Mij praesent, [get.] C.L. Neethling, secretaris.
Footnotes
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Sic. In the sententie her name is spelt ‘Mars’, but in the other documentation ‘Martje’. Both Silvia and Martje were from Madagascar and so would have been able to talk with Frans in their own language, giving rise to the suspicion that that they were telling him about Willem’s whereabouts. In their own testimonies (CJ 394, ff. 523-24) they both denied that they were with Frans and said that they were sleeping in the women’s quarters. ↩
CJ 792 Sententiën, 1768-1771, ff. 36-42.
Since, from the willing confession of Frans van Madagascar, slave of the heemraadheemraadThe origin of this word is uncertain, but is connected to the Dutch words heem (‘homestead’) and raad (‘councillor’). This was the title of a free burgher who served on the Collegie van Heemraden in the rural districts of the Cape, usually for a term of two years. Marten Melk, 23 years old at a guess, currently their honours’ prisoner, and from the other documents produced in the case, it has appeared evident to the Council of Justice:
That just after eight o’clock one morning, fully three months ago now, the prisoner, who was serving on his owner’s home farm as a cellar jongenjongenLiterally ‘boy.’ In Dutch it was common to use this word also to refer to male servants, irrespective of age. At the Cape, however, this usage was extended to slaves and then became exclusive, so that jongen (also in the deflected form jong) came to mean ‘male slave’, such that Afrikaans lost the use of the word to mean ‘boy’ and instead uses seun (from Dutch zoon) for both ‘boy’ and ‘son.’ In this primary meaning, the word has become obsolete in modern Afrikaans, except for the archaic terms tuinjong (‘garden boy’) and plaasjong (‘farm boy’), in the sense of male workers of colour. under the supervision of the mandoor placed over him, his fellow slave Willem, got drunk because of consuming too much wine and therefore quietly went from the wine store to the bushes where he lay down to sleep.
That after lunch the aforesaid Willem found the prisoner asleep in the bushes, roused him and, while saying: “How drunk you are!”, beat him with a stick. The prisoner then went from there to the wine store and proceeded thence with a basket to the vineyard in order to cut grapes with the other slaves.
That that very same evening, when the aforementioned Willem was in the room of the women slaves, which is where his customary sleeping place is, the prisoner, who was then entirely sober and armed with a kirrijkirrijThis is the Cape Khoi word for the walking stick traditional Khoikhoi carried with them and used as weapons. In the course of the eighteenth century, the word was adopted by Dutch-speaking colonists to refer to a walking stick, also where it was used as an instrument of punishment., which he held hidden under his waistcoat, not only, for fully half an hour, walked up and down in front of the door of this room, but afterwards also sat down between the doors of the men’s and women’s rooms and kept his eyes steadily fixed on the door of the women slaves’ room. This caused the slave jongenjongenLiterally ‘boy.’ In Dutch it was common to use this word also to refer to male servants, irrespective of age. At the Cape, however, this usage was extended to slaves and then became exclusive, so that jongen (also in the deflected form jong) came to mean ‘male slave’, such that Afrikaans lost the use of the word to mean ‘boy’ and instead uses seun (from Dutch zoon) for both ‘boy’ and ‘son.’ In this primary meaning, the word has become obsolete in modern Afrikaans, except for the archaic terms tuinjong (‘garden boy’) and plaasjong (‘farm boy’), in the sense of male workers of colour. Parfors, who knew of what had happened between the prisoner and the aforesaid Willem in the bushes, to presume that the prisoner was watching for the aforementioned Willem with the intention to hit him with the kirrijkirrijThis is the Cape Khoi word for the walking stick traditional Khoikhoi carried with them and used as weapons. In the course of the eighteenth century, the word was adopted by Dutch-speaking colonists to refer to a walking stick, also where it was used as an instrument of punishment.. For which reason the said Parfors told his fellow slave Achilles to go to the women slaves’ room and to inform the aforesaid Willem of this, who indeed did so; when the aforementioned Willem came out of the room to the prisoner and asked him: “Frans, do you want to hit me?”, to which he was answered by the prisoner: “Who says that?” The said Willem then continued: “I know that you want to hit me!” and at the same time turned around, just as if he wanted to return again to the aforementioned room, which is when the prisoner dealt the aforementioned Willem a blow on his head with the kirrijkirrijThis is the Cape Khoi word for the walking stick traditional Khoikhoi carried with them and used as weapons. In the course of the eighteenth century, the word was adopted by Dutch-speaking colonists to refer to a walking stick, also where it was used as an instrument of punishment. and with that caused a wound which penetrated through the three tables1 to the temporal bone, as a result of which the aforementioned Willem suddenly fell down to the earth and shortly thereupon died. The prisoner, who meanwhile had set out in flight, was taken prisoner in the Swellendam district after roaming around for some days, and was transported from there to here and thus came into the hands of justice.
But since the perpetration of this manslaughter can under no circumstances be left unpunished in a country where people properly uphold law and justice, but ought to be punished in an exemplary fashion as an example and deterrent to others.
Thus it is, that the honourable Council of Justice, aforementioned, serving today, having read and considered with attention the written crimineelen eijsch ende conclusiecrimineelen eijsch ende conclusieLiterally ‘criminal demand and conclusion.’ The document drawn up by the prosecutor based on the evidence he collected and delivered in court against an accused. The conclusie is the final part of the document in which the prosecutor suggested an appropriate punishment for the crime. drawn up and delivered for and against the prisoner by the landdrost of Stellenbosch and Drakenstein, Meester Jacobus Johannes le Suëur, by reason of his office; further, having noted the same’s voluntarily verified confession, as well as everything else which served the case and could possibly have moved their honours, practising justice in the name and on behalf of the high and mighty Lords States General of the United Netherlands, having judged the prisoner Frans van Madagascar, is sentencing him with this: to be taken to the place where criminal sentences are usually executed here, and, having been handed over to the executioner, to be punished with the rope on the gallows in such a way that death will follow, further the same’s dead body be dragged to the outside place of execution and there once again to be hanged on the gallows, to remain thus until being consumed by the air and the birds of heaven, with sentencing to the costs and expenditure of justice.2
Thus done and sentenced in the Castle of Good Hope on 30 June 1768, as also pronounced and executed on the 2nd of the thereupon following month July.
Let the sentence be done, [signed] R. Tulbagh.
[signed] J.W. Cloppenburg, Jm. v. Plettenberg, P. Hacker, O.M. Bergh, D. Westerhoff, Otto Ludij Hemmij, L.C. Warneck, T.C. Rönnekamp, Js. Hs. Blanckenberg, P.L. le Suëur, J.F.W. Böttiger, Johs. van Sittert.
In my presence, [signed] C.L. Neethling, secretary.
Footnotes
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Tables refer to the compact layers of bones which cover the brain. ↩
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This was the sentence recommended in the eijscheijschLiterally ‘claim’ or ‘demand.’ This is strictly speaking the eijsch ende conclusie without the final part about sentencing, but the term is often used as a shorthand for the whole document., CJ 394, f. 515. Frans was found guilty of manslaughter, and said in his defence that ‘den slaaf Willem soo hard niet geslagen te hebben, dat hij naar sijne gedagten, daarvan gestorven sijn soude’ (he had not hit the slave Willem so hard that, in his opinion, he would have died as a result), CJ 50, ff. 46-8. Apart from the documents printed here, the documentation for this case includes the testimonies of Perfors van de Caab, Achilles van Madagascar, Silvia van Madagascar and Martje van Madagascar, CJ 394, f. 518-24. See also Ross 1979: 429-30 on this case. ↩
Nademaal uijt de libere confessie van Frans van Madagascar, slaaf van den heemraad Marten Melk, oud naar gissing 23 jaaren, thans ’s heeren gevangen, en de verdere, ten processe gevoegde, stucken, alle behoorlijk gerecolleerd, den edelagtbaare Raad van Justitie evident gebleeken is:
Dat den gevangen, dewelke ter sijner lijfheer woonplaatste onder het opsigt van den, over hem gestelden, mandoor, den meede slaaf Willem, als kelderjongen dienst gedaan heeft, nu wel drie maanden voorleeden op een morgen, de klokke over agt uuren, door te veel genuttigden wijn beschonken geraakt, en oversulx stilletjes uijt het wijnpakhuijs naar het bosch gegaan sijnde, sig aldaar om te slaapen needer gelegt had.
Dat voorseijde Willem den gevangen naar ’t middag eeten in het bosch slaapende gevonden, wacker gemaakt en, onder het seggen: Wat sijt gij dronken!, met een stok geslaagen hebbende, hij gevangen sig van daar naar het wijnpakhuijs en uijt hetselve met een mandje naar den wijngaard, mitsgaders met de verdere slaven aan het druijven snijden, begeeven had.
Dat wanneer voormelde Willem sig dien eijgensten avond in de slavinnen kamer, alwaar desselfs gewoone slaapplaats is, bevonden had, den gevangen, die toenmaals ten eenemaal nugteren geweest was, voorsien met een, onder sijn camisool verborgen, houdenden kirrij, niet alleen wel een halfuur voor de deur dier kamer heen en weer gewandelt, maar sig vervolgens ook tusschen de deuren van het slaven- en slavinnenhuijs, needer geset, en desselfs oogen gestadig op de deur der slavinnenkamer gevestigt gehouden had; sulx ’tselve den slaven jongen Parfors, aan denwelken het, tusschen den gevangen en voorseijde Willem, in het bos voorgevallene, bekent was, had doen vooronderstellen, dat den gevangen op meergemelde Willem paste, met voorneemen om dien jongen met den kirrij te slaan; al waaromme gemelde Parfors tot sijn meede slaaf Achilles gesegt had, dat naar de meijdenkamer gaan en voorseijde Willem daarvan kennis geeven mogte; denwelken sulx gedaan, en voormelde Willem sig daarop buijten de deur bij den gevangen begeeven hebbende, aan den gevangen gevraagt had: Frans, wilt gij mij slaan? Op hetwelke door den gevangen g’antwoord sijnde: Wie segt dat?, had gemelde Willem hervat: Ik weet dat gij mij slaan wilt! En sig teffens omgekeerd, eeven alsof weeder in voorseijde vertrek gaan wilde, als wanneer den gevangen meergemelde Willem met den kirrij een slag aan ’t hooft toegebragt, en daar door een wonde veroorsaakt had, dewelke tot op het slaap been en door de drie tabula heen gedrongen sijnde, meergemelde Willem oversulx plotselings ter aarden gevallen, en kort daarop overleeden was; sijnde den gevangen, dewelke sig intusschen op de vlugt begeeven had, naar eenige dagen rondswervens in ’t district Swellendam gevangen genoomen, van daar herwaards getransporteerd, en dus in hande van justitie geraakt.
Maar nademaal sulke geperpetreerde manslag, in een land daar men regt en geregtigheijd naar behooren handhaaft, geensints ongestraft kan gelaaten worden, maar, ten spiegel en afschrik van anderen, voorbeeldelijk moet werden gestraft.
Soo is het, dat den edelagtbaare Raad van Justitie, voormeld, ten daage dienende, met nadruk geleesen en overwoogen hebbende den schriftelijken crimineelen eijsch ende conclusie door den landdrost van Stellenbosch en Drakensteijn, meester Jacobus Johannes le Suëur, ratione officii, op ende jeegens den gevangen gedaan ende genoomen, voorts geleth op desselfs vrijwillige gerecolleerde confessie, mitsgaders op alle hetgeene ter saake dienende was en haar edelagtbaarens eenigsints konde doen moveeren, regt doende uijt naame ende van weegens de hoogmoogende Heeren Staaten Generaal der Vereenigde Neederlanden, den gevangen Frans van Madagascar hebben gecondemneert, gelijk haar edelagtbaarens denselven condemneeren mits deesen: omme gebragt te werden ter plaatse alwaar men alhier gewoon is crimineele sententiën te executeeren, aldaar aan den scherpregter overgeleevert sijnde, met de koorde aan de galg soodanig gestraft te worden dat er de dood naar volg; voorts desselfs doode lighaam naar het buijten geregt gesleept, en aldaar weeder aan de galg opgehangen sijnde, dus te verblijven, totdat door de lugt en de voogelen des heemels sal sijn verteerd; met condemnatie in de kosten en misen van Justitie.
Aldus gedaan en gesententieert in ’t Casteel de Goede Hoop, den 30e Junij 1768, mitsgaders gepronuntieert ende g’executeert den 2e der daaraanvolgende maand Julij.
Fiat Executie, [get.] R. Tulbagh.
[get.] J.W. Cloppenburg, Jm. v. Plettenberg, P. Hacker, O.M. Bergh, D. Westerhoff, Otto Ludij Hemmij, L.C. Warneck, T.C. Rönnekamp, Js. Hs. Blanckenberg, P.L. le Suëur, J.F.W. Böttiger, Johs. van Sittert.
Mij present, [get.] C.L. Neethling, secretaris.